Hot-zone designing and technology is including materials and fabrication methods for heating elements, shields and retorts. Temperature is important. Furnace temperatures, including operating temperature, maximum temperature, temperature ramp-up rate(s) and thermal uniformity, are essential to arrive at the optimum furnace design. Operating temperature affects heating element, shield and retort materials of construction, and power requirements and control-system design.

Hot zone material choices generally focus on the refractory metals tungsten, tantalum and Molybdenum because of their high-temperature characteristics. Metal heating elements are fabricated from strip, sheet, wire and rod depending upon the configuration of the hot zone. Heat shields are necessary to contain the heat and provide thermal stability.

At higher temperature ranges (2000 to 3000 C for example), creep strength of work support and heating elements also is a major engineering concern. The heating element, which operates at a higher temperature than any other component in the system, is the most critical part of the system in terms of material choice. Heating element design takes into account thermal capability, mechanical stability, configuration and service life.

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